11-point average, 99, 131 Abiteboul, S., 29 abstracting, automatic, 14 accumulator, 98, 100, 101 accuracy classification. See classification, accuracy ACM, 218 active verb. See verb, active / stative ad hoc retrieval. See retrieval, ad hoc adaptive, 1, 113, 252, 280, 283, 284 adjacency matrix. See matrix, adjacency adjective     descriptive, 216     relational / reference-modifying, 216 agents, 111, 280, 296, 316 agglomerative cluster. See cluster, agglomerative aging citation. See citation, aging Agosti, M., 200 alienation, point, 134, 142, 146 Allan, J., 114, 266 Allen, B., 119 Allen, L., 22 alphabet, marked, 16 analysis, level of, 40, 61, 101, 203, 210 ancestor, 278, 284 Anderson, J., 160 annotation, 185, 196, 200, 245, 246, 311 antonymy, 215 argument, 18, 184, 185, 187, 189, 194, 205, 234, 244, 299, 305, 310     rhetorical, 200, 306     structure, 193, 237, 244, 305, 306 Armstrong, R., 280 artificial intelligence (AI), 182, 221     Good old-fashioned (GOFAI), 252     thesis (AIT) corpus, 76 Ashley, K. D., 242 association     measure. See measure, association     associative memory, 160     associative relation, 215, 225, 233 attentional focus, 24, 303, 313 attribute, 19, 30, 106, 242, 259, 297     structured, 19, 30, 49, 183, 288 audience, 4, 12, 13, 193, 279, 296, 304, 305, 308, 312 author, 4, 12, 17, 21, 27, 50, 60, 64, 67, 74, 82, 101, 184, 187, 189, 195, 199, 205, 207, 220, 279, 296–8, 300, 303, 304, 306, 308, 312 authority, 32, 196, 240, 312     citation. See citation, authority     list. See list, authority Baddeley, A., 160 bag-of-words, 213, 305 Baker, L. D., 266 Bakhmutova, I.V., 306 Balabanovic, M., 280 Bar-Hillel, Y., 189 Barry, C. L., 107 Bartell, B. T., 135, 157, 163, 165, 275 base pairs (genetic, nucleic acid), 68, 69 batch, 264 Bates, M. J., 110, 111 Bayerman, C., 22 Bayes     naive, 270 Bein, J., 226 Belkin, N. J., 9, 105, 277 Bernoulli, 74, 270–2 Berry, M., 159 berry picking, 110 bibliometrics. See citation bigrams, 28 binary, 14, 170, 172, 255 binary independence model (BIM), 170 Bing, J., 244 Blair, D. C., 33, 65, 108, 121, 301 Bonhoeffer, S., 69 Bono, P., 286 bookmark list, 281, 306 Bookstein, A., 74, 140 boosting, 274 Borg, I., 161 Borko, H., 160 bottleneck, knowledge acquisition, 247 Bowman, C., 280 Brachman, R., 219, 239 Brauen, T., 113, 232, 264 Brenner, S. W., 243 broader term. See term, broad Brower, D., 58 Bruza, P. D., 200 Buckley, C., 92, 98, 113 Bush, V., 18, 200 Callan, J., 177, 275 call numbers, 86 captions, 26, 201 Carlin, B., 267 case, 44     folded, 44, 239, 294 categories, 238, 254, 258, 286 Cawsey, A., 110 centroid, 88, 111 Chakrabarti, S., 196, 280 Chomsky, N., 213 chorus effect, 276 Church, K. W., 213 citation, 18, 20, 57, 118, 153, 186, 187, 189, 198, 210, 225, 247, 316     aging, 190     authority, 187, 196     co-, 189     graph, 187, 192, 259, 280     hub, 196     lag, 190     legal, 191, 192, 195, 243     resolution, 186 classic papers, 187 classification, 158, 267     accuracy, 133     algorithms, 263     assignment, 255     automatic, 254     automatic document, 254, 255, 267     collaborative, 219, 286     hierarchic, 278     keyword, 133, 259, 261     methods, 256, 262 Cleverdon, C., 119, 135 clique, 189 closed vocabulary. See vocabulary, open / closed cluster, 165     agglomerative / divisive, 166     document, 111, 165, 166, 211, 280     hierarchic, 211     hypothesis, 165     keyword, 211 codons (genetic), 68 Cohen, M. L., 244, 288 Cohen, P., 226 Cohen, W. W., 273 Cole, J., 226 collaborative classification. See classification, collaborative collaborative filter. See filter, collaborative collateral knowledge, 30 collection, 4, 9, 21, 29, 52, 80, 120, 135, 255     fusion, 276 colleges, invisible, 189 Collins, A., 225 combination function, 195 community, 182, 254, 187, 196, 219 component, connected, 284 composite measure. See measure, composite computational learning theory (COLT). See learning concept drift, 266 conceptual match. See match, conceptual Conklin, J., 200 connectionist. See network, neural consensual, 106, 118, 141 containment, 201, 204 content, 12, 26, 50, 154, 297, 301, 306, 312     analysis, 201     information, 221, 312 context, 13, 17, 22, 32, 81, 82, 182, 184, 214, 235, 279, 280, 284, 304, 305 context sensitive (grammar), 45 contingency table, 122, 133 conversational threads, 7, 185 convex hull, 240 co-occurrence     keyword, 77, 211 cookies, 294, 306 Cooper, W., 137, 168, 174 Cooperative principle, 303 coordination level, 94, 124 corpus, 4, 6, 39, 41, 50, 81, 94, 117, 170, 182, 187, 223     Cornell, 135     test, 135 corpus-based linguistics. See linguistics, corpus-based correlation measure. See measure, correlation cosine, 95, 203 cost, 66, 70, 75, 140, 175, 247, 296, 312     function, 283 Cost, S., 273 Cranfield collection, 119, 135 Craven, M., 184, 286 crawling. See World Wide Web, crawling Crestani, F., 262 Croft, W., 9, 12, 44, 74, 85, 177, 273, 277 cross-validation, 269 Cruse, D., 213 curse of dimensionality. See dimensionality, curse of Cutting, D. R., 101, 167 Dagan, I., 258 Daniels, P., 110 data model, 30     logical / physical, 30 data retrieval, 32, 245 data structure, 52, 54, 97, 98 decision rule, 101 Deerwester, S., 157, 159 Dennis, S. F., 83 deontic logic. See logic, deontic dependence     term, 171, 178 derivation, 44, 64 describes, 12, 26, 75, 245, 298, 308 Dewey, J., 63 Dices coefficient, 95 dimensionality, 86, 94, 160, 238     curse of, 154     reduction, 154, 156, 157, 159       aggressive, 261, 262 direct manipulation (interface), 240 directory, 40, 41, 42, 50     WWW, 219 discourse, domain of, xxii, 11, 12, 13, 26, 157, 185 discriminant, 75, 82, 262     linear / nonlinear, 262 discrimination     power, 82     threshold, 173     value, 99 disjunctive normal form, 273 dissimilarity, 192 distribution     joint probability, 176     Poisson, 74     prior, 266, 268     stationary, 196     Zipfian, 62, 67, 81, 294 divisive cluster. See cluster, agglomerative / divisive document, 3, 6, 16, 17, 22, 32, 200, 210, 254     frequency weighting, 83     inverse frequency. See inverse document       frequency weight     length. See length, document     modification, 115, 255, 263     spoken, 21, 24     typical, 22, 40, 201 domain, 118, 160, 182 Domingos, P., 270 Doszkocs, T. E., 226 Doyle, L. B., 225 drift, 159, 266, 288 Drosnin, M., 62 Duda, R., 262, 267 Dumais, S., 157, 158, 159, 160, 237 E-measure. See measure, E- editor     editorial enhancement, 254, 312     workbench, 254 effectiveness, 131, 132, 296 Egan, D. E., 200 Eichmann, D., 296 eigenfactor analysis, 156 Einstein, A., 292 electronic artifacts, 4 elite, 74 entropy, 69, 260     conditional, 260     post-y, 260, 261 error measure. See measure, error evaluation, 33, 36, 55, 62, 118, 135, 141 event space, 168, 269 exhaustive index. See index, exhaustive expected mutual information measure. See measure, expected mutual information exploitation / exploration, 266 exposition, spiral, 270 F-measure. See measure, F- fact extraction, 183, 286 fallout, 123, 139 features, 2, 9, 12, 27, 40, 50, 51, 94, 105, 168, 174, 207, 255, 259, 260, 289 feedback, 65, 252, 256, 284     relevant. See relevance, feedback Fellbaum, C., 214, 215, 216 Fidel, R., 183 field, 12, 21, 140, 187, 191, 312     textual, 40, 49, 253     See also discourse, domain of file     inverted, 53, 54, 97     stream, 42 filter, 41, 98, 114, 137, 264, 266     collaborative, 286 finding out about (FOA), 1, 20, 107 Findler, N. V., 225 finite state machine, 42, 43 Foote, J. T., 306 Fox, C., 43, 45, 47, 58, 183 Fox, E. A., 293 Frakes, W. B., xxiv Francis, W., 61 frequentist, 271 Friedman, S., 232 Froehlich, T.J., 118 Fuhr, N., 173, 177 Fujii, H., 44 function word. See negative dictionary function, weighting, 91 Furnas, G., 28 fusion collection. See collection, fusion Gallant, S. I., 262 Garfield, E., 189 generalization, inductive. See learning genre, 21, 243 geographical information systems (GIS), 240 Ghias, A., 306 Giuliano, V. E., 225 Glasgow, J., 247 global positioning system (GPS), 240 Goodrich, P., 22, 243 Gordon, M. D., 237, 286 gradient descent (search), 113, 264 Grice, H. P., 303 Grice’s maxims, 303 Griffiths, A., 166 Guntzer, U. G., 211 Guttman, L., 134 Hafner, C., 242, 244 Hanson, R., 183 Harman, D., 96, 120, 121, 135, 238 Harnad, S., 248 Harper, J. D., 101 Harvard, 22, 195 Hawkes, T., 301 header, 30, 41, 50 Hearst, M., 201, 203, 238 Hebb, D., 160 Hersh, W., 136 Hill, B. M., 149 Hinton, G., 227 hitlist, 35, 49, 101, 124, 137, 173, 175, 240, 314, 315     rank, 124, 126, 133, 135, 174 Hoffman, T., 158 hold out set, 269 homologous, 245 Howe, A., 286 hub citation. See citation, hub Huberman, B. A., 69, 70, 294 hull, convex, 240 Hull, D. L., 122, 213, 224 Hutchins, W., 4 hyper-footnotes, 201 hypernymy, 11, 215 hypertext, 18, 189, 199, 200, 207, 247, 280, 284, 306, 309 hyphenation, 27, 43 immediacy effect, 190 impact, 188, 196, 218, 223, 243 in-degree, 188, 196 independence     conditional, 178     data, 245     order, 168, 270     stochastic, 173 index, 12, 20, 21, 26     exhaustive, 11, 78, 79     inverted, 53, 97     latent semantic. See latent semantic indexing     term weighting, 280 induction. See learning     manual / automatic, 26 inflectional morphology, 44 information     measure. See measure, information     mutual, 221, 260     need, 5, 7, 13, 23, 29, 78, 84, 107, 111, 176, 256, 296, 308     publication, 19, 183, 259 information retrieval (IR), 8, 118, 213, 226, 247     history of, 182 inheritance (attribute / value), 215 inner product, 87, 88, 89, 156, 165 inter-subject reliability. See reliability, inter-subject intermediary, search, 14, 293 interpolation, 130 inverse document frequency (IDF) weight, 84, 89, 96 inverted index. See index, inverted invisible colleges. See colleges, invisible iterative longest match. See match, iterative longest Jain, A., 166 James, W., 160 Jardine, N., 132 jargon. See term Joachims, T., 275 joint probability distribution. See distribution, joint probability Jones, W. P., 160 Joyce, T., 211 Karlgren, J., 117 Katzer, J., 183 Kearns, M. J., 269 Keen, E., 122 Keller, E. F., 310 Kent, A., 124 kernel, 275 Kessler, M. M., 198 keyword, 10     classification. See classification, keyword     frequency, 54, 211, 261     internal / external, 71 Kleinberg, J., 196 Klinkenberg, R., 266 knowledge     acquisition bottleneck, 247     collateral, 30     engineer, 219, 247, 252     mutual, 235, 304     network, 1, 234, 309     public, 236, 303     representation, 182, 183, 219, 247, 289, 309     structure, 219 Knuth, D. E., 62 Kochen, M., 183 Koenemann, J., 110 Koll, M., 160 Korfhage, R., xxiv, 238 Krovetz, R., 47, 213 Kruskal, J. B., 109 Kuhn, T., 220 Kwok, K., 262 Lancaster, F., 120 Landauer, T., 158, 160 Langdell, C. C., 244 language     game. See word, game     index, 48, 221     natural, 10, 16, 26, 30, 36, 47, 62, 183, 194, 224, 248, 299, 303, 310     oral / written, 16, 302, 303     query. See query, language Larkey, L., 273, 278, 316 Larkey, L. S., 277 latent semantic indexing (LSI), 154, 159 Latour, B., 224, 309, 310 law. See legal Lawrence, S., 101, 295, 296 learning, 224, 244, 262, 269     active, 316     distance, 315     error correction, 113, 265     mixed initiative, 316     rate, 113, 264     reinforcement, 256, 266     supervised, 254, 256, 262     theory, 269 least mean squared (LMS), 265 Lee, J., 277 legal     brief, 21, 185, 194, 244     citation. See citation, legal     domain, 33, 184, 186, 191, 194, 195, 205, 220, 242, 244, 288, 305     See also litigation support length     document, 17, 40, 53, 74, 89, 91, 97, 99, 101, 271     normalization pivot, 91     normalization slope, 91 Letsche, T. A., 159 level of treatment, 18, 40, 204 Levi, J. N., 22, 243 Lewis, D. D., 133, 213, 262, 267, 272, 275 lexical analyzer generator, 42 lexicographic trees, 149 lexicon, 12, 213 Li, W., 149, 151 library, 3, 20, 86, 110, 218, 293, 302     digital, 292 Lieberman, H., 280 linear media, 200, 306 linguistics, 4, 8, 25, 28, 36, 44, 47, 102, 213, 301     corpus-based, 183, 213 list     authority, 240     hit. See hitlist     stop (word). See negative dictionary literacy, 302 litigation support, 121, 244 Littlestone, N., 259, 274 Littman, M.L., 159 logarithmic, 83, 174 logic, 30, 176, 205, 209, 215     deontic, 244     relevance, 225 loss function, 265 Lovins, J.B., 46 Lowe, D., 244 Luenberger, D.G., 155 Luhn, H. P., 47, 76, 82 m-estimate, 272 magic bullet query. See query, magic bullet magnesium, 235 Mandelbrot, B., 64, 66, 67, 152 Mantegna, R.N., 68, 69 Marchianoni, G., 238 Mark of Zero, 272 marked linguistic feature, 44 Markov process, 195 Maron, M., 168, 225 match     conceptual, 178     function, 124, 132, 169, 266     iterative longest, 45 matrix     adjacency, 195, 197     similarity, 156 May, R. M., 189 McCallum, A., 267, 268, 270, 272, 278 McCarty, L., 244 McCorduck, P., 223 McCune, B., 183 McFadden, F., 29 McMath, C. F., 211 measure     association, 94     composite, 132     correlation, 188, 247     E-, 132, 265     effectiveness, 131     error, 265     expected mutual information, 196     F-, 132, 133     information, 66, 83 MEDLARS, 119 MEDLINE, 235, 246, 254 memes, 23 Menaud, L., 60 Menczer, F., 281 meronymy, 215 Merryman, J. H., 243 Merton, R., 189 meta-data, 19, 183, 259, 308 metatags, 297 metric, 94, 108, 134, 155 Miller, G., 64, 68, 149, 153 Mitchell, T., 263, 272, 278 mixtures, 75, 268 monotonic, 162, 174 morphological, 27, 46, 60, 297     transformation, 44, 61, 239 Moukas, A., 280 Moulinier, I., 258 Mozer, M. C., 226 multi-criterial optimization, 132 multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), 161 mutual information. See information, mutual name-tagging, 239, 259 narrative, 306 nearest neighbor, 158, 167 negative dictionary, 47, 71. See also noise words Nelson, T. H., 200 neologisms, 67 Nerhot, P., 22, 244 network     knowledge. See knowledge, network     neural, 113, 173, 226, 264       activity, 225       pre- / post-synaptic, 230     semantic, 225 Newell, A., 306 Newton, I., 187 noise, 83     words, 73 nonlinear, 306 nonmetric, 108, 134, 161 norm of scholarship, 189 normalization, 94, 138, 178     normalized association measure. See measure, association of text, 89 Norman, D., 238 Occam’s razor, 263 O’Day, V. L., 110 Oddy, R., 105, 110 Ogden, P., 243 Ong, W. J., 16, 303 on point (legal case). See citation, legal online, 173, 264 open source, 312, 318 orality, 2, 16, 302, 303 ordering     simple, 125     total, 125     weak, 125 orthogonal, 154, 156 orthonormal, 156 over-fit, 263 Paepcke, A., 293 Pao, M. L., 185 Papadimitriou, C. H., 158 paper, classic, 187 Papoulis, A., 260, 261 parameter     control, 75     estimation of, 267, 268 partitional, 166 passage. See document Pearl, J., 176, 178 peer review, 190, 191, 297, 308, 312 Persin, M., 99 phrase, 10, 27, 43, 72, 213, 221, 236, 253, 259 Pirolli, P., 111 pivot, normalization length. See length, normalization pivot place, physical / political, 239 plural, 27, 44, 46 pointer, 32, 42, 186 Poisson     distribution. See distribution, Poisson     process, 64, 73, 75     two- model. See two-Poisson model polarity, 194 Pollack, S. M., 134 pooling, 120, 142 portal, 295, 307 Porter, M., 46, 58 post-verbal, 245 posting, 51, 52, 97 pragmatics, 213, 304 precision, 35, 123, 130, 140, 195 precision recall. See recall, precision curve Preece, S., 226 preference, 27, 109, 262, 316 prerequisite, 18, 205 Price, D. J., 189, 190 Price’s index, 190 Principle of Least Effort, 64 prior distribution. See distribution, prior priors, 271 privacy, 300 probability     of error, 168     marginal, 170     posterior, 267, 268     prior, 174, 176, 268, 271     Ranking Principle (PRP), 125, 168, 177, 255     See also relevance proper names, 44, 152, 195, 239, 259 proximity, 55, 161     (query) operator, 48 proxy, 20, 49, 297 publication information, 19, 183, 259 Pugh, W., 101 query, 6     drawing, 74, 240     by example, 13, 97     language, 6, 10, 30, 304       operator, 13, 48, 55     magic bullet, 79, 110, 293     oriented, 79     session, 109, 178, 257, 294     simple, 13, 293 Quinlan, J. R., 263, 274 Rada, R., 211 rank-plus-shift, 157 ranking, partial, 98, 99 Rau, L. F., 239 recall, 34, 122     high, 35, 124     normalized, 128, 133     and precision, 78, 123, 132     precision (RePre) curve, 125, 130 receiver / operator characteristic (ROC) curve, 139 recognition, object, 107 record, 30 regression, 92, 173 reinforcement, 256 relevance, 3, 7, 106     assessment, 7, 36, 106, 109, 116, 117, 135, 281, 283     description, 177     feedback (RelFbk), 8, 105, 107     logical, 225, 304     objective, 225     principle of, 304     weight, 174 reliability, inter-subject, 117 representation     bias, 79     knowledge. See knowledge, representation research front, 189, 190 resolution, 40, 55, 203, 219 resolving power, 76 retrieval, 6     ad hoc, 137     effectiveness, 99, 131, 168     information. See information retrieval     probabilistic, 157     status value (RSV), 174 review articles, 187 rhetoric, 17, 200, 306 Ribeiro, B., 178 risk, 70 Robertson, S. E., 75, 85, 89, 91, 140, 170 Rocchio’s algorithm, 265 Rocchio, J. J., 113, 128 root, 44, 45, 61, 62 Rosch, E., 107 Rose, D., 167, 191, 229, 233, 238, 241, 244, 289 routing, 137, 263, 266, 286 rubric, 22, 201 Rudwick, M., 310 Russel, D. M., 110, 175 Russell, S., 223, 252 Sahami, M., 259 Salton, G., 56, 83, 86, 92, 96, 98, 101, 113, 114, 115, 120, 131, 186, 201, 226, 233 sampling, stratified, 62 Saracevic, T., 110, 124, 303 Schapire, R., 274 Schneiderman, B., 238 Schutze, H., 153, 264, 277 scope, 12, 13, 89, 219, 315 search     engine, 6, 30, 96, 101, 293     history, 306     intermediary. See intermediary, search     length, 133, 137       reduction factor, 138     spreading activation. See spreading activation search     strategies, 281 Searle, J., 239 security, 55, 300 semantics, 4, 23, 32, 37, 47, 67, 86, 195, 211, 224, 289, 299     lexical, 213, 215 semiotics, 25, 301, 313 Sereno, M., 68 Shapiro, F. R., 243 Shardaanand, U., 286 Shepard, R., 109, 240 Shepardizing. See citation, legal Sheridan, P., 117, 213 signal, 83, 138, 157 significance, statistical, 116 Silverstein, C., 96, 293 similarity     average, 88     matrix. See matrix, similarity Simon, H., 64, 67, 68 simple matching coefficient, 95 Singhal, A., 91 singular term. See term, singular / general singular value decomposition (SVD), 156 Sitter, S., 205 skimming effect, 276 Sleator, D. D. K., 58 sliding ratio, 134 Small, H., 189 SMART, 92, 253, 263 Smeaton, A. F., 213 Smith, L., 183 Snow, C. P., xix Soergel, D., 211 Sparck Jones, K., 25, 85, 120, 124, 304 sparse, 86, 113, 154, 159, 173, 176, 259, 260 specific, 11     index, 78, 79, 218, 298     specificity weighting, 78 Sperber, D., 304 spiral exposition. See exposition, spiral spoof, 297 spreading activation search (SAS), 225 Sprowl, J., 288 Srinivasan, P., 211 Stanfill, C., 51, 101, 114 stationary distribution. See distribution, stationary Stefik, M., 312 Steier, A. M., 221, 280, 284 stemming, 28, 44, 52, 57, 58, 62, 72     weak, 46 stop (word). See negative dictionary stream file. See file, stream stress, 162 Strunk, W. Jr., 303 Strzalkowski, T., 213 suffix, 27, 45, 46 support vector machines, 275, 278 surface markings, 44 surfing. See World Wide Web, surfing Sutton, R.S., 267 Svenonius, E., 12 Swanson, D., 189, 234 Swets, J. A., 138 Swets model, 140 symbolic / subsymbolic, 289 synonym set, 214 synonymy, 214 Tague-Sutcliffe, J., 122 Tapper, C., 243 temporal dimension, 266 term     of art, 12, 288     broad / narrow, 11, 210, 211     classes. See classification     frequency, 74, 78, 96, 279, 286     general, 11, 210, 211, 238     index, 47, 76, 159, 279     narrower, 11, 211     related, 210, 228, 246     singular / general, 44, 130, 238, 239     See also keyword terminal node, 149 test set, 269 TF-IDF weighting, 96, 203 thesaurus, 158, 210, 211, 213, 221, 246 Thompson, P., 276 Thorndike, E. L., 63 time line, 240 token, 27, 28, 43, 101, 200, 238, 261, 289 tokenize, 43 topic, 203     topical tiling, 203, 204     tracking, 266, 288 Towell, G., 276 training     instance, positive / negative, 258     set, 256, 258, 264, 265, 267, 269, 271     See also learning transcript, 26 transitive, 15 tree     dependence, 261     lexicographic, 53, 149 triangle inequality, 155 Turtle, H. R., 177     minimum spanning (MST), 166, 261     splay, 52, 58 two-Poisson model, 75 Unger, R. M., 244 urn of words, 271 van Rijsbergen, C. J., xxiii, 132, 169, 170, 211, 225 Valiant, L., 269 Vapnik, V. N., 275 vector space, 86 Veerasamy, A., 238 verb, active / stative, 215 verbosity, 89 vocabulary, 10     balance, 65, 101     controlled / uncontrolled, 12     mismatch, 79     open / closed, 12     size, 12, 14, 44, 86, 94, 154, 214, 272 Vogt, C. C., 121, 277 Voorhees, E., 101, 120, 217 Walker, S., 46 Waltz, D., 219, 223 Warmuth, M., 274 Watson, J. D., 26 Wells, H. G., 4, 293 Welsh, D., 61 White, H., 265 white-space, 27, 42 Widrow, B., 265 Widrow-Hoff, 265 word. See keyword Wilbur, W., 119 Willett, P., 166 Williams, J. H., 171 Wilson, P., 109 Wittgenstein, L., 2, 4, 299 Witztum, D., 62 Wold, E., 306 Wong, S., 178, 262 Woodworth, R., 161 word     common, 69, 103, 294     content, 73, 75     frequency, 62, 66, 67     function, 47, 73     game (Sprachspiele), 2, 4, 296, 299, 305, 313     noise, 47     sense, 46     urn of. See urn of words     See also keyword World Wide Web (WWW), 3     consortium (W3C), 294     crawling, 22, 294, 296     directory, 219     surfing, 69 Yager, R. R., 276 Yang, Y., 262, 272 Yule, G. U., 63 Zamir, O., 166 Zha, H., 158 Zipf, H., 62 Zipf’s law, xx Zipfian distribution. See distribution, Zipfian