Table of Contents

Overview Papers (alphabetical by track)

TREC 2005 Conference Agenda


1. (DRAFT) Overview of TREC 2005, page 1
   E.M. Voorhees, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
   
   
2. Overview of the TREC 2005 Enterprise Track, page 199
   N. Craswell, MSR Cambridge
   A.P. deVries, CWI
   I. Soboroff, NIST
   
   
3. TREC 2005 Genomics Track Overview, page 14
   W. Hersh, A. Cohen, J. Yang, R.T. Bhupatiraju, Oregon Health & Science University
   P. Roberts, Biogen Idec Corporation
   M. Herst, University of California, Berkeley
   
   
4. HARD Track Overview in TREC 2005 (Notebook)
   High Accuracy Retrieval from Documents, page 132
   J. Allan, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
   
   
5. Overview of the TREC 2005 Question Answering Track, page 66
   E.M. Voorhees, H. Trang Dang, NIST
   
   
6. DRAFT: Overview of the TREC 2005 Robust Retrieval Track, page 105
   E.M .Voorhees, NIST
   
   
7. TREC 2005 Spam Track Overview, page 232
   G. Cormack, T. Lynam, University of Waterloo
   
   
8. The TREC 2005 Terabyte Track, page 166
   C.L.A. Clarke, University of Waterloo
   F. Scholer, RMIT
   I. Soboroff, NIST
   
   

Participant Papers (alphabetical order by organization)

1. Enhance Genomic IR with Term Variation and Expansion:
   Experience of the IASL Group at Genomic Track 2005, page 265
   T.-H. Tsai, C.-W. Wu, H.-C. Hung, Y.-C. Wang, D. He, Y.-F. Lin, C.-W. Lee, T.-Y. Sung, W.-L. Hsu, Academia Sinica
   
   
2. Genomic Information Retrieval Through Selective Extraction and Tagging by the ASU-BioAL Group, page 271
   L. Yu, S. Toufeeq Ahmed, G. Gonzalez, B. Logsdon, M. Nakamura, S. Nikkila, K. Shah, L. Tari, R. Wendt, A. Zeigler, C. Baral, Arizona State University
   
   
3. Building on Redundancy: Factoid Question Answering, Robust Retrieval and the "Other", page 279
   D. Roussinov, Arizona State University
   E. Filatova, Columbia University
   M. Chau, The University of Hong Kong
   J.A. Robles-Flores, Arizona State University/ESAN
   
   
4. TREC 2005 Enterprise Track Experiments at BUPT, page 289
   Z. Ru, Y. Chen, W. Xu, J. Guo, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
   
   
5. DBACL TREC 2005 Simulations, (.ps file) page 296
   L.A. Breyer
   
   
6. CSUSM at TREC 2005:
   Genomics and Enterprise Track, page 304
   R. Guillen, California State University San Marcos
   
   
7. Experiments with Language Models for Known-Item Finding of E-mail Messages, page 313
   P. Ogilvie, J. Callan, Carnegie Mellon University
   
   
8. JAVELIN I and II Systems at TREC 2005, page 323
   E. Nyberg, R. Frederking, T. Mitamura, M. Bilotti, K. Hannan, L. Hiyakumoto, J. Ko, F. Lin, L. Lita, V. Pedro, A. Schlaikjer, Carnegie Mellon University
   
   
9. Thresholding Strategies for Text Classifiers:
   TREC 2005 Biomedical Triage Task Experiments, page 335
   L. Si, Carnegie Mellon University
   T. Kanungo, IBM Almaden Research Center
   
   
10. NLPR at TREC 2005: HARD Experiments, page 342
    B. Lv, J. Zhao, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    
    
11. CAS-ICT at TREC 2005 Robust Track: Using Query Expansion and RankRusion to Improve Effectiveness and Robustness of Ad Hoc Information Retrieval, page 350
    G. Ding, B. Wang, S. Bai, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    
    
12. CAS-ICT at TREC 2005 SPAM Track: Using Non-Textual Information to Improve Spam Filtering Performance, page 359
    S. Wang, B. Wang, H. Lang, X. Cheng, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NLPR)
    
    
13. NLPR at TREC 2005: HARD Experiments, page 365
    B. Lv. J. Zhao, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NLPR)
    
    
14. Relevance Feedback by Exploring the Different Feedback Sources and Collection Structure, page 373
    J. Zhang, L. Sun, Y. Lv, W. Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    
    
15. Pattern Based Customized Learning for TREC Genomics Track Categorization Task, page 380
    W. Lam, Y. Han, K. Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong
    
    
16. Exploring Document Content with XML to Answer Questions, page 84
    K.C. Litkowski, CL Research
    
    
17. CRM114 versus Mr. X: CRM114 Notes for the TREC 2005 Spam Track, page 255
    F. Assis, Embratel
    W. Yerazunis, Mitsubishi
    C. Siefkes, Freie Universitat Berlin
    S. Chhabra, Mitsubhshi and University of California
    
    
18. TREC 14 Enterprise Track at CSIRO and ANU, page 386
    M. Wu, D. Hawking, CSIRO ICT Centre
    P. THomas, Australian National University
    
    
19. DalTREC 2005 QA System Jellyfish:
    Mark-and-Match Approach to Question Answering, page 392
    T. Abou-Assaleh, N. Cercone, J. Doyle, V. Keselj, C. Whidden, Dalhousie University
    
    
20. DalTREC 2005 Spam Track: Spam Filtering Using N-gram-based Techniques, page 400
    V. Keselj, E. Milios, A. Tuttle, S. Wang, R. Zhang, Dalhousie University
    
    
21. DataparkSearch at TREC 2005, page 404
    M. Zakharov, OOO Datapark
    
    
22. QACTIS-based Question Answering at TREC 2005, page 406
    P. Schone, U.S. Department of Defense
    G. Ciany, Dragon Development Corporation
    R. Cutts, Henggeler Computer Consultants
    P. McNamee, J. Mayfield, T. Smith, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
    
    
23. TREC 2005 Enterprise Track Results from Drexel, page 415
    W. Zhu, R.B. Allen, Drexel University
    M. Song, Temple University
    
    
24. Structural Term Extraction for Expansion of Template-Based Genomic Queries, page 421
    F. Camous, S. Blott, C. Gurrin, G.J.F. Jones, A.F. Smeaton, Dublin City University
    
    
25. Dublin City University at the TREC 2005 Terabyte Track, page 427
    P. Ferguson, C. Gurrin, A.F. Smeaton, P. Wilkins, Dublin City University
    
    
26. Fuzzy Proximity Ranking with Boolean Queries, (.ps file) page 433
    M. Beigbeder, A. Mercier, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Sanit-Etienne
    
    
27. Notebook Paper TREC 2005 Genomics Track
    A Concept-Based Approach to Text Categorization, page 443
    B.J.A. Schijvenaars, M.J. Schuemie, E.M. van Mulligen, M. Weeber, R. Jelier, B. Mons, J.A. Kors, Erasmus University Medical Center
    W. Kraaij, TNO
    
    
28. WIM at TREC 2005, page 450
    J. Niu, L. Sun, L. Lou, F. Deng, C. Lin, H. Zheng, X. Huang, Fudan University
    
    
29. FDUQA on TREC 2005 QA Track, page 459
    L. Wu, X. Huang, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhang, F. Lin, Fudan University
    
    
30. Insun05QA on QA Track of TREC 2005, page 469
    Y. Zhao, Y. Guan, Z. Xu, P. Li, Harbin Institute of Technology
    
    
31. MATRIX at the TREC 2005 Robust Track, page 477
    W.S. Wong, H.C. Wu, R.W.P. Luk, H.V. Leong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
    K.F. Wong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
    K.L. Kwok, City University of New York
    
    
32. Enterprise, QA, Robust and Terabyte Experiments with Hummingbird SearchServer at TREC 2005, page 487
    S. Tomlinson, Hummingbird
    
    
33. Juru at TREC 2005: Query Prediction in the Terabyte and the Robust Tracks, page 503
    E. Yom-Tov, D. Carmel, A. Darlow, D. Pelleg, S. Errera-Yaakov, S. Fine, IBM Haifa Research Lab
    
    
34. Biomedical Document Triage:
    Automatic Classification Exploiting Category Specific Knowledge, page 513
    L.V. Subramaniam, S. Mukherjea, IBM India Research Lab
    D. Punjani, Indian Institute of Technology
    
    
35. IBM SpamGuru on the TREC 2005 Spam Track (Notebook Paper), page 248
    R. Segal, IBM Research
    
    
36. TREC 2005 Genomics Track Experiments at IBM Watson, page 46
    R.K. Ando, IBM Watson Research
    M. Dredze, University of Pennsylvania
    T. Zhang, Yahoo, Inc.
    
    
37. A Relational Model for the Search and Classification of Biomedical Literature:
    TREC 2005 Genomics Track, page 518
    J. Urbain, N. Goharian, Illinois Institute of Technology
    
    
38. WIDIT in TREC 2005 HARD, Robust, and SPAM Tracks, page 141
    K. Yang, N. Yu, N. George, A. Loehrlen, D. McCaulay, H. Zhang, S. Akram, J. Mei, I. Record, Indiana University, Bloomington
    
    
39. TREC 2005 Genomics Track at I2R, page 523
    N. Yu, Y. Lingpeng, J. Donghong, Z. Jie, S. Jian, Y. Xiaofeng, S.-H. Tan, X. Juan, Z. Guodong, Institute for Infocomm Research
    
    
40. A Conceptual Indexing Approach for the TREC Robust Task, page 529
    M. Baziz, M. Boughanem, IRIT-UPS
    N. Aussenac-Gilles, IRIT-CNRS
    
    
41. Employing Two Question Answering Systems in TREC 2005, page 94
    S. Harabagiu, D. Moldovan, C. Clark, M. Bowden, A. Hickl, P. Wang, Langugage Computer Corporation
    
    
42. Differential Linguistics at NIST TREC, page 535
    I. Geller, LexiClone
    
    
43. The Lowlands' TREC Experiments 2005, page 545
    The Lowlands' Team:
    H. Rode, D. Hiemstra, University of Twente
    G. Ramirez, T. Westerveld, A.P. de Vries, CWI
    
    
44. AnswerFinder at TREC 2005, page 557
    D. Molla, M. Van Zaanen, Macquarie University
    
    
45. SpamBayes: TREC 2005 Spam Track Notebook, page 565
    T.A. Meyer, Massey University
    
    
46. Meiji University HARD and Robust Track Experiments, page 575
    K. Kudo, K. Imai, M. Hashimoto, T. Takagi, Meiji University
    
    
47. Research on Expert Search at Enterprise Track of TREC 2005, page 228
    Y. Cao, H. Li, Microsoft Research Asia
    J. Liu, Nankai University
    S. Bao, Shanghai Jiaotong University
    
    
48. Microsoft Cambridge at TREC 14: Enterprise Track, page 586
    N. Craswell, H. Zaragoza, S. Robertson, Microsoft Research Ltd.
    
    
49. External Knowledge Sources for Question Answering, page 590
    B. Katz, G. Marton, G. Borchardt, A. Brownell, S. Felshin, D. Loreto, J. Louis-Rosenberg, B. Lu, F. Mora, S. Stiller, O. Uzuner, A. Wilcox, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
    
    
50. MITRE's Qanda at TREC 14, page 600
    J.D. Burger, S. Bayer, The MITRE Corporation
    
    
51. Fusion of Knowledge-Intensive and Statistical Approaches for Retrieving and Annotating Textual Genomics Documents, page 36
    A.R. Aronson, D. Demner-Fushman, S.M. Humphrey, J. Lin, P. Ruch, M.E. Ruiz, L.H. Smith, L.K.Tanabe, W.J. Wilbur, National Library of Medicine
    D. Demner-Fushman, J. Lin, University of Maryland, College Park
    H. Liu, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
    
    
52. Retrieval of Biomedical Documents by Prioritizing Key Phrases, page 607
    K.H.-Y. Lin, W.-J. Hou, H.-H. Chen, National Taiwan University
    
    
53. Identifying Relevant Full-Text Articles for Database Curation, page 611
    C. Lee, W.-J. Hou, H.-H. Chen, National Taiwan University
    
    
54. National Taiwan University at Terabyte Track of TREC 2005, page 615
    M.-H. Hsu, H.-H. Chen, National Taiwan University
    
    
55. Using Syntactic and Semantic Relation Analysis in Question Answering, page 619
    R. Sun, J. Jiang, Y.F. Tan, H. Cui, T.-S. Chua, M.-Y. Kan, National University of Singapore
    
    
56. A Comparison of Techniques for Classification and Ad Hoc Retrieval of Biomedical Documents, page 628
    A.M. Cohen, J. Yang, W.R. Hersh, Oregon Health & Science University
    
    
57. CNDS Expert Finding System for TREC 2005, page 637
    C. Yao, B. Peng, J. He, Z. Yang, Peking University
    
    
58. Peking University at the TREC 2005 Question and Answering Track, page 641
    J. He, C. Chen, C. Yao, P. Yin, Y. Bai, Peking University
    
    
59. Tianwang Search Engine at TREC 2005: Terabyte Track, page 644
    H. Yan, J. Li, J. Zhu, B, Peng, Peking University
    
    
60. Simple Language Models for Spam Detection, page 647
    E. Terra, PUC/RS
    
    
61. The QMUL Team at Enterprise TREC: Notebook Paper, page 653
    T. Roelleke, E. Ashoori, Z. Chai, H. Wu, Queen Mary University of London
    
    
62. TREC 2005 Robust Track Experiments Using PIRCS (DRAFT), page 125
    K.L. Kwok, L. Grunfeld, N. Dinstl, P. Deng, Queens College, CUNY
    
    
63. Queensland University of Technology at TREC 2005, page 662
    A. Woodley, C. Lu, T. Sahama, J. King, S. Geva, Queensland University of Technology
    
    
64. Applying Probabilistic Thematic Clustering for Classification in the TREC 2005 Genomics Track, page 674
    Z.H. Zheng, S. Brady, A. Garg, H. Shatkay, Queen's University
    
    
65. RMIT University at TREC 2005: Terabyte and Robust Track, page 682
    Y. Bernstein, B. Billerbeck, S. Garcia, N. Lester, F. Scholer, J. Zobel, RMIT University
    W. Webber, The University of Melbourne
    
    
66. DIMACS at the TREC 2005 Genomics Track, page 60
    A. Dayanik, A. Genkin, P. Kantor, D.D.Lewis, D. Madigan, Rutgers University, DIMACS
    
    
67. SAIC & University of Virginia at TREC 2005:
    HARD Track, page 694
    J. Michel, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
    X. Jin, J.C. French, University of Virginia
    
    
68. Synonym-Based Expansion and Boosting-Based Re-Ranking:
    A Two-phase Approach for Genomic Information Retrieval, page 702
    Z. Shi, B. Gu, F. Popowich, A. Sarkar, Simon Fraser University
    
    
69. Experiments on Genomics Ad Hoc Retrieval, page 710
    M. E. Ruiz, State University of New York at Buffalo
    
    
70. Question Answering with Lydia (TREC 2005 QA Track), page 715
    J. H. Kil, L. Lloyd, S. Skiena, State University of New York at Stony Brook
    
    
71. TREC 2005 Question Answering Experiments at Tokyo Institute of Technology, page 724
    E. Whittaker, P. Chatain, S. Furui, Tokyo Institute of Technology
    
    
72. THUIR at TREC 2005: Enterprise Track (Draft), page 733
    Y. Fu, W. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Liu, M. Zhang, Tsinghua University (State Key Lab)
    
    
73. Learning Domain-Specific Knowledge from Context--THUIR at TREC 2005 Genomics Track, page 738
    J. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Hao, M. Huang, X. Zhu, Tsinghua University (State Key Lab)
    
    
74. THUIR at TREC 2005 Terabyte Track, page 744
    L. Zhao, R. Ceng, M. Zhang, Y. Jin, S. Ma, Tsinghua University (State Key Lab)
    
    
75. Logistic Regression Merging of Amberfish and Lucene Multisearch Results, page 747
    C. T. Fallen, G.B. Newby, University of Alaska, Arctic Region Supercomputing Center
    
    
76. University of Albany's ILQUA in TREC 2005, page 77
    M. Wu, M. Duan, S. Shaikh, S. Small, T. Strzalkowski, University of Albany SUNY
    
    
77. The University of Amsterdam at TREC 2005, page 205
    D. Ahn, L. Azzopardi, K. Balog, S. Fissaha, V. Jijkoun, J. Kamps, K. Muller, M. de Rijke, E.T.K.Sang, University of Amsterdam
    
    
78. The AID Group at TREC Genomics 2005, page 757
    L. Ijzereef, E. Meij, L. Azzopardi, J. Kamps, M. de Rijke, University of Amsterdam
    
    
79. Question Answering with SEMEX at TREC 2005, page 764
    D. G. Glinos, University of Central Florida
    
    
80. Concept Recognition and the TREC Genomics Tasks, page 770
    J.G. Caporaso, W. A. Baumgartner, Jr., K.B. Cohen, H.L. Johnson, J. Paquette, L. Hunter, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
    
    
81. Applying the Annotation View on Messages for Discussion Search, page 218
    I. Frommholz, University of Duisburg-Essen
    
    
82. Question Answering with QED at TREC 2005, page 780
    K. Ahn, J. Bos, D.Kor, M. Nissim, B. Webber, University of Edinburgh
    J.R. Curran, University of Sydney
    
    
83. University of Glasgow at TREC 2005:
    Experiments in Terabyte and Enterprise Tracks with Terrier page 181
    C. Macdonald, B. He, V. Plachouras, I. Ounis, University of Glasgow
    
    
84. Report on the TREC 2005 Experiment: Genomics Track, page 788
    P. Ruch, F. Ehrler, SIM University and University Hospital of Geneva
    S. Abdou, J. Savoy, Universite de Neuchatel
    
    
85. Experiment Report of TREC 2005 Genomics Track ad hoc Retrieval Task, page 791
    W. Zhou, C. Yu, University of Illinois at Chicago
    
    
86. UIC at TREC 2005: Robust Track, page 113
    S. Liu, C. Yu, University of Illinois at Chicago
    
    
87. UIUC/MUSC at TREC 2005 Genomics Track, page 806
    C. Zhai, X. Ling, X. He, X. Wang, H. Fang, A. Shakery, A. Velivelli, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    X. Lu, Medical University of South Carolina
    
    
88. Interactive Construction of Query Language Models--UIUC TREC 2005 HARD Track Experiments, page 813
    B. Tan, H. Fang, C. Zhai, A. Velivelli, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    
    
    
89. An Axiomatic Approach to IR--UIUC TREC 2005 Robust Track Experiments, page 120
    H. Fang, C. Zhai, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    
    
90. Experiments in Questions and Relationships at the University of Iowa, page 818
    D. Eichmann, P. Srinivasan, The University of Iowa
    
    
91. Question Answering Using the DLT System at TREC 2005, page 825
    M. Mulcahy, K. White, I. Gabbay, A. O'Gorman, University of Limerick
    R.F.E. Sutcliffe, University of Essex
    
    
92. A Menagerie of Tracks at Maryland: HARD, Enterprise, QA, and Genomics, Oh My!, page 150
    J. Lin, E. Abels, D. Demner-Fishman, D.W.Oard, P. Wu. Y. Wu, University of Maryland, College Park
    
    
93. When Less is More: Relevance Feedback Falls Short and Term Expansion Succeeds at HARD 2005 (Notebook Version), page 833
    F. Diaz, J. Allan, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
    
    
94. UMass Robust 2005 Notebook: Using Mixtures of Relevance Models for Query Expansion, page 839
    D. Metzler, F. Diaz, T. Strohman, W.B. Croft, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
    
    
95. Indri at TREC 2005: Terabyte Track (Notebook Version), page 175
    D. Metzler, T. Strohman, Y. Zhou, W.B. Croft, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
    
    
96. Melbourne University 2005: Enterprise and Terabyte Tasks, page 841
    V.N. Anh, W. Webber, A. Moffat, The University of Melbourne
    
    
97. UM-D at TREC 2005: Genomics Track, page 848
    L. Huang, Z. Chen, Y.L. Murphey, The University of Michigan-Dearborn
    
    
98. University of North Carolina's HARD Track Experiment at TREC 2005, page 854
    D. Kelly, x. Fu, University of North Carolina
    
    
99. Evaluation of Stemming, Query Expansion and Manual Indexing Approaches for the Genomic Task, page 863
    S. Abdou, J. Savoy, University of Neuchatel
    P. Ruck, University Hospital of Geneva
    
    
100. MG4J at TREC 2005, page 871
     P. Boldi, S. Vigna, Universita degli Studi di Milano
     
     
101. University of Padova at TREC 2005: Symbols in Genomics Track, page 877
     M. Bacchin, M. Melucci, University of Padova
     
     
102. IXE at the TREC 2005 Terabyte Task, (.ps file) page 889
     G. Attardi, Universita di Pisa
     
     
103. Pitt at TREC 2005: HARD and Enterprise, page 896
     D. He, J.-W. Ahn, University of Pittsburgh
     
     
104. TALP-UPC at TREC 2005: Experiments Using a Voting Scheme Among Three Heterogeneous QA Systems, (.ps file) page 908
     D. Ferres, S. Kanaan, D. Dominguez-Sal, E. Gonzalez, A. Ageno, M. Fuentes, H. Rodriguez, M. Surdeanu, J. Turmo, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
     
     
105. The University of Sheffield's TREC 2005 Q&A Experiments, page 918
     R. Gaizauskas, M.A. Greenwood, H. Harkema, M. Hepple, H. Saggion, A. Sanka, University of Sheffield
     
     
106. University of Strathclyde: The i-lab Group's First Big Day Out at TREC HARD, page 924
     M. Baillie, D. Elsweiler, E. Nicol, I. Ruthven, S. Sweeney, M. Yakici, F. Crestani, M. Landoni, University of Strathclyde
     
     
107. TREC 2005 Genomics Track Experiments at UTA, page 934
     A. Pirkola, University of Tampere
     
     
108. Efficiency vs. Effectiveness in Terabyte-Scale Information Retrieval, page 193
     S. Buttcher, C.L.A. Clarke, University of Waterloo
     
     
109. Experiments for HARD and Enterprise Tracks, page 937
     O. Vechtomova, M. Kolla, University of Waterloo
     M. Karamuftuoglu, Bilkent University
     
     
110. Classifying Biomedical Articles by Making Localized Decisions, page 942
     T. Brow, B. Settles, M. Craven, Stanford University and University of Wisconsin, Madison
     
111. York University at TREC 2005: Genomics Track, page 56
     X. Huang, M. Zhong, York University
     L. Si, Carnegie Mellon University
     
     
112. York University at TREC 2005: HARD Track, page 947
     M. Wen, X. Huang, A. An, Y. Huang, York University
     
     
113. York University at TREC 2005: SPAM Track, page 951
     W. Cao, A. An, X. Huang, York University
     
     
114. York University at TREC 2005: Terabyte Track, page 956
     M. Kovacevic, X. Huang, York University
     
     

     Appendix

     Appendix A Cover
     
     Common Evaluation Measures
     
     Enterprise Discussion Runs
     Enterprise Discussion Results
     Enterprise Expert Runs
     Enterprise Expert Results
     Enterprise Known-Item Runs
     Enterprise Known-Item Results
     
     Genomics adhoc Runs
     Genomics adhoc Results
     Genomics Category Runs
     Genomics Category Results
     
     HARD Baseline Runs
     HARD Baseline Results
     HARD Final Runs
     HARD Final Results
     
     QA Document-Ranking Runs
     QA Document-Ranking Results
     QA Main Runs
     QA Main Results
     QA Relationship Runs
     QA Relationship Results
     
     Robust Runs
     Robust Results
     
     SPAM Runs
     Spam Results
     
     Terabyte adhoc Runs
     Terabyte adhoc Results
     Terabyte Efficiency Runs
     Terabyte Efficiency Results
     Terabyte Named-Page Runs
     Terabyte Named-Page Results
     
     

     TREC 2005 System Descriptions

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